Emerging Infectious Diseases

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the most serious global public health threats in this century. Antimicrobial resistance is the ability of a microorganism (bacteria, virus, fungi, and parasite) to resist the effects of a drug, it is a serious, complex and costly public health problem. Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) has emerged as one of the principal public health problems of the 21st century that threatens the effective prevention and treatment of an ever-increasing range of infections caused by bacteria, parasites, viruses and fungi no longer susceptible to the common medicines used to treat them.

Pediatric infectious diseases refer to illnesses caused by microorganisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites that primarily affect children. Children are more susceptible to infections due to their developing immune systems, and certain conditions may manifest differently in them compared to adults. Many of these infections are common in early childhood, but the consequences can be severe if not treated appropriately. Pediatric infectious diseases represent a significant area of concern in global healthcare, especially in low- and middle-income countries where access to medical care and vaccines may be limited.

Vector-borne diseases are human diseases caused by parasites, viruses and bacterium that square measure transmitted by vectors. Each year there square measure quite 700,000 deaths from diseases like protozoal infection, dengue, infection, human African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniosis, Chagas illness, infectious disease, Japanese phlebitis and river blindness. The burden of those diseases is highest in tropical and semitropical areas, and that they disproportionately have an effect on the poorest populations. Since 2014, major outbreaks of dengue fever, malaria, chikungunya, infectious disease and Zika have afflicted populations, claimed lives, and overcome health systems in several countries. Other diseases like Chikungunya, leishmaniosis and humour disease cause chronic suffering, life-long morbidity, incapacity and occasional stigmatization. Distribution of vector-borne diseases is set by a fancy set of demographic, environmental and social factors.

Emerging zoonotic diseases, those transmitted from animals to humans, are influenced by complex ecological, environmental, and socio-economic factors. Global hotspots for these diseases often overlap with regions of high biodiversity, rapid urbanization, and close human-wildlife interaction. Key areas include tropical rainforests in South America, Central and West Africa, Southeast Asia, and regions with extensive livestock farming.

Correlates of Emerging Zoonotic Diseases

Biodiversity Hotspots: High biodiversity increases the reservoir of potential pathogens. Human encroachment into these areas through logging, agriculture, and settlement disturbs ecosystems, allowing pathogens to spill over to humans.

Land-Use Changes: Activities like deforestation and agricultural expansion disrupt natural habitats, forcing wildlife closer to human populations and increasing contact between species


Wildlife Trade and Consumption: Markets selling live animals create direct human exposure to wildlife and their pathogens, as seen in outbreaks like SARS and COVID-19.

global health security is a comprehensive approach to protecting populations worldwide from health threats. It involves collaborative efforts, infrastructure strengthening, preparedness planning, and effective governance to ensure a coordinated response to health emergencies on a global scale.

Outbreak Investigation and Response theme at the Emerging Infectious Diseases Conference provides a specialized platform to delve into the unique challenges and innovative approaches related to identifying, managing, and learning from outbreaks caused by emerging infectious agents.

Laboratory diagnosis can be made by detection of viral antigen, or immunoglobulin G (IgG) and IgM antibody using enzyme immunoassay and/or immunofluorescence testing. Virus can be isolated from blood, CSF, or throat washings during the viremic phase of illness, and from postmortem tissue specimens.

Therapeutics and treatment strategies in infectious diseases are dynamic and multifaceted, involving a combination of pharmaceutical, immunotherapeutic, and precision medicine approaches. The ongoing evolution of these strategies is integral to addressing current challenges and preparing for emerging infectious threats.

Diabetes is a disease that occurs when your blood glucose, also called blood sugar, is too high. Diabetes affects approximately 170 million people worldwide, including 20.8 million in the USA and by 2030 these numbers are projected to double. Although diabetes has no cure, you can take steps to manage your diabetes and stay healthy. Diabetes makes it harder for the body to heal itself. Because high blood glucose levels affect the body’s ability to heal wounds, people with diabetes are at risk for serious complications.

High blood glucose leads to problems such as: heart disease| stroke| kidney disease| eye problems| dental disease| nerve damage| foot problems

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. They are a leading cause of death worldwide and encompass a wide range of disorders, from structural issues to problems with blood flow.

Types of Cardiovascular Diseases

1. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):

   • Cause: Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis).
   • Effects: Reduces blood flow to the heart, leading to chest pain (angina) or heart attacks.

2. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure):

   • Cause: Increased pressure on artery walls, often due to lifestyle, genetics, or other health conditions.
   • Effects: Can lead to stroke, heart attack, or heart failure.

3. Arrhythmias:

   • Cause: Irregular heartbeats caused by electrical signal problems in the heart.
   • Types: Tachycardia (fast), bradycardia (slow), atrial fibrillation (irregular).

4. Heart Failure:

   • Cause: The heart cannot pump blood efficiently due to weakened or damaged muscles.
   • Effects: Leads to fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention.

Global climate change is a major environmental challenge that has profound implications for human health, particularly through its impact on the emergence and spread of infectious diseases. Climate-related shifts in temperature, precipitation, humidity, and extreme weather events are altering ecosystems, disrupting natural habitats, and creating favorable conditions for the proliferation of disease-causing organisms and their vectors. As a result, the geographic distribution, seasonality, and intensity of many infectious diseases are changing, posing significant risks to global public health.

Skin infections are caused by a large sort of germs, and symptoms will vary from delicate to serious. Delicate infections could also be treatable with over-the-counter medications and residential remedies, whereas alternative infections might need medical attention. There four differing types of skin infections: Bacterial skin infections Bacterial skin infections usually begin as tiny, red bumps that slowly increase in size. Some microorganism infections area unit delicate and simply treated with topical antibiotics, however alternative infections need associate degree oral antibiotic. Different types of microorganism skin infections include: impetigo & boils. Viral skin infections Viral skin infections area unit caused by a deadly disease. These infections vary from delicate to severe. Different types of infective agent infections include: shingles (herpes zoster) & varicella Fungal skin infections These sorts of skin infections area unit caused by a plant and area unit possibly to develop in damp areas of the body like the feet or bodily cavity. Some fungous infections aren’t contagious, and these infections area unit usually non-life-threatening. Different types of fungus infections: athlete’s foot &yeast infection Parasitic skin infection These sorts of skin infections area unit caused by a parasite. These infections will unfold on the far side the skin to the blood and organs. A parasitic infection isn’t dangerous however are often uncomfortable. Different types of parasitic skin infections include: lice & scabies.

The patterns of infectious diseases are evolving due to various factors such as environmental changes, globalization, urbanization, advancements in healthcare, and shifts in societal behaviors. These changes affect the incidence, prevalence, geographic distribution, and transmission dynamics of diseases, posing new challenges for public health systems worldwide. Understanding these changing patterns is crucial for developing effective prevention, surveillance, and response strategies.

Human monkeypox is a zoonotic viral disease caused by the monkeypox virus, a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus, which also includes the variola virus (responsible for smallpox). First identified in humans in 1970 in the Democratic Republic of Congo, monkeypox was historically limited to central and western Africa. However, its recent spread to non-endemic regions highlights its emergence as a global public health concern.

Gastrointestinal (GI) infections are a significant global health concern, affecting millions annually, especially in low- and middle-income countries. These infections involve the digestive tract, leading to symptoms such as diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and fever. They are caused by a variety of pathogens, including bacteria, viruses, and parasites, and have profound implications for public health, socioeconomics, and healthcare systems.

Nosocomial infections, also known as hospital-acquired infections (HAIs), are infections that are acquired during the course of receiving treatment for other conditions within a healthcare setting. These infections are a major concern for patient safety and hospital operations, leading to prolonged hospital stays, increased healthcare costs, and even death in some cases. Nosocomial infections are typically caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites that are transmitted in hospitals or other healthcare settings.

SARS-CoV-2, or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2, is the virus responsible for the global COVID-19 pandemic. It belongs to the Coronaviridae family, a large family of viruses known to cause respiratory illnesses in humans and animals. SARS-CoV-2 emerged in late 2019 in Wuhan, China, and quickly spread worldwide, resulting in millions of cases and deaths, making it one of the most significant health crises in modern history.

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) and Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) are two significant diseases caused by coronaviruses that have emerged as global health threats in the early 21st century. Both SARS and MERS are caused by coronaviruses, which belong to the Coronaviridae family and can cause severe respiratory illnesses. These outbreaks, while not as widespread as the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, have provided critical insights into the behavior, transmission, and management of emerging coronaviruses.