Emerging Infectious Diseases

Cardiovascular Diseases and Disorders

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a group of conditions that affect the heart and blood vessels. They are a leading cause of death worldwide and encompass a wide range of disorders, from structural issues to problems with blood flow.

Types of Cardiovascular Diseases

1. Coronary Artery Disease (CAD):

   • Cause: Narrowing or blockage of coronary arteries due to plaque buildup (atherosclerosis).
   • Effects: Reduces blood flow to the heart, leading to chest pain (angina) or heart attacks.

2. Hypertension (High Blood Pressure):

   • Cause: Increased pressure on artery walls, often due to lifestyle, genetics, or other health conditions.
   • Effects: Can lead to stroke, heart attack, or heart failure.

3. Arrhythmias:

   • Cause: Irregular heartbeats caused by electrical signal problems in the heart.
   • Types: Tachycardia (fast), bradycardia (slow), atrial fibrillation (irregular).

4. Heart Failure:

   • Cause: The heart cannot pump blood efficiently due to weakened or damaged muscles.
   • Effects: Leads to fatigue, shortness of breath, and fluid retention.